Dublin, Ireland

Biopharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences

Language: English Studies in English
Subject area: medicine, health care
University website: www.ucd.ie/
Biopharmaceutical
A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biologic(al) medical product, biological, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources. Different from totally synthesized pharmaceuticals, they include vaccines, blood, blood components, allergenics, somatic cells, gene therapies, tissues, recombinant therapeutic protein, and living cells used in cell therapy. Biologics can be composed of sugars, proteins, or nucleic acids or complex combinations of these substances, or may be living cells or tissues. They (or their precursors or components) are isolated from living sources—human, animal, plant, fungal, or microbial.
Magnetic field reconnection is a key process for particle heating and acceleration during solar flares. Turbulence was not accounted for until numerical simulations allowed the exploration of mutually coupled phenomena spanning a broad range of scales.
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