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Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Heriot-Watt University

Translation and Interpreting

Language: English Studies in English

Kind of studies: full-time studies, part-time studies

University website: www.hw.ac.uk

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Translation

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.

Wikipedia

Translation

Translators are the shadow heroes of literature, the often forgotten instruments that make it possible for different cultures to talk to one another, who have enabled us to understand that we all, from every part of the world, live in one world.

Paul Auster, To be translated or not to be: PEN / IRL report on the international situation of literary translation, Preface (2011).

Wikiquote

Translation

Such is our pride, our folly, or our fate,
That few but such as cannot write, translate.

John Denham, To Sir Richard Fanshaw, Upon his Translation of Pastor Fido (1648), line 1.

Wikiquote

Translation

Hence the vanity of translation; it were as wise to cast a violet into a crucible that you might discover the formal principle of its colour and odour, as seek to transfuse from one language into another the creations of a poet. The plant must spring again from its seed, or it will bear no flower—and this is the burthen of the curse of Babel.

Percy Bysshe Shelley, A Defence of Poetry (1821)

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Physical sciences, Earth sciences

Oxygen depletion in aquatic ecosystems

Like all ecosystems on Earth supporting animal and plant life, aquatic ecosystems need oxygen. However, oxygen availability in these systems is threatened by global warming and excessive input of nutrients such as from agriculture and wastewaters, known as eutrophication.

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